Dental Computing and Applications: Advanced Techniques for Clinical Dentistry (Premier Reference Source)
By Andriani Daskalaki

  • Publisher: Medical Information Science Reference
  • Number Of Pages: 406
  • Publication Date: 2009-03-30
  • ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1605662925
  • ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781605662923
Product Description:

Over the last 40 years, dental informatics has implemented numerous technological advancements and discoveries to become a medical research discipline of significant scale and scope.
Dental Computing and Applications: Advanced Techniques for Clinical Dentistry presents the latest technological applications and advanced research findings of computing in clinical dentistry. This book leads students and advanced researchers to an understanding of current ideas in the analysis of dental data and provides an overview on searching for evidence-based medical and dental information on the Web.


Table of Contents:
Section I: Software Support in Clinical Dentistry
Chapter I: Software Support for Advanced Cephalometric Analysis in Orthodontics Cephalometric analysis has been a routine diagnostic procedure in Orthodontics for more than 60 years, traditionally employing the measurement of angles and distances on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Recently, advances in geometric morphometric (GM) methods and computed tomography (CT) hardware, together with increased power of personal computers, have created a synergic effect that is revolutionizing the cephalometric field. This chapter starts with a brief introduction of GM methods, including Procrustes superimposition, Principal Component Analysis, and semilandmarks. CT technology is discussed next, with a more detailed explanation of how the CT data are manipulated in order to visualize the patient's anatomy. Direct and indirect volume rendering methods are explained and their application is shown with clinical cases. Finally, the Viewbox software is described, a tool that enables practical application of sophisticated diagnostic and research methods in Orthodontics.
Chapter II: A New Software Environment for 3D-Time Series Analysis This chapter presents a toolchain including image segmentation, rigid registration and a voxel based non-rigid registration as well as 3D visualization, that allows a time series analysis based on DICOM CT images. Time series analysis stands for comparing image data sets from the same person or specimen taken at different times to show the changes. The registration methods used are explained and the methods are validated using a landmark based validation method to estimate the accuracy of the registration algorithms which is an substantial part of registration process. Without quantitative evaluation, no registration method can be accepted for practical utilization. The authors used the toolchain for time series analysis of CT data of patients treated via maxillary distraction. Two analysis examples are given. In dentistry the scope of further application ranges from pre- and postoperative oral surgery images (orthognathic surgery, trauma surgery) to endodontic and orthodontic treatment. Therefore the authors hope that the presented toolchain leads to further development of similar software and their usage in different fields.
Chapter III: Relationship Between Shrinkage and Stress Residual stress due to polymerization shrinkage of restorative materials has been associated with a number of clinical symptoms, ranging from post-operative sensitivity to secondary caries to fracture. Although the concept of shrinkage stress is intuitive, its assessment is complex. Shrinkage stress is the outcome of multiple factors. To study how they interact requires an integrating model. Finite element models have been invaluable for shrinkage stress research because they provide an integration environment to study shrinkage concepts. By retracing the advancements in shrinkage stress concepts, this chapter illustrates the vital role that finite element modeling plays in evaluating the essence of shrinkage stress and its controlling factors. The shrinkage concepts discussed in this chapter will improve clinical understanding for management of shrinkage stress, and help design and assess polymerization shrinkage research.
Chapter IV: An Objective Registration Method For Mandible Alignment Between 1980 and 1992 long-term studies about the performance of jaw muscles as well as temporomandibular joints were made at the Leipzig University, in Saxony, Germany. Until today, other studies of similar scale or approach can not be found in international literature. The subjects – miniature pigs – were exposed to stress under unilateral disturbance of occlusion. Based on these cases morphological, histochemical and biochemical proceedings and some other functions were then analyzed.
The results clearly indicate that all of the jaw muscles show reactions, but the lateral Pterygoideus turned out to be remarkably more disturbed. Maintaining reactions for a long time, it displayed irritation even until after the study series was finished.
The study proved that jaw muscles play an absolutely vital role in the positioning of the mandible and that it's proper positioning is essential for any restorative treatment in dentistry.
Combining these findings with his knowledge about support pin registration (Gysi, McGrane), Dr. Andreas Vogel developed a computer-controlled method for registering the position of the mandible.
These results prompted Vogel to conduct the registration and fixation of the mandible position under defined pressure (10 to 30 N), creating a final method of measurement which gives objective, reproducible and documentable results. The existent system - DIR®System – is on the market, consisting of: Measuring sensor, WIN DIR software, digital multichannel measuring amplifier, plan table with step motor, carrier system and laptop.
Section II: Software Support in Oral Surgery
Chapter V: Requirements for a Universal Image Analysis Tool in Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
This chapter discusses the requirements of an image analysis tool designed for dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery focussing on 3D-image data. As software for the analysis of all the different types of medical 3D-data is not available, a model software based on VTK (visualization toolkit) is presented. VTK is a free modular software which can be tailored to individual demands.
First, the most important types of image data are shown, then the operations needed to handle the data sets. Metric analysis is covered in-depth as it forms the basis of orthodontic and surgery planning. Finally typical examples of different fields of dentistry are given.
Chapter VI: Denoising and Contrast Enhancement in Dental Radiography This chapter shows how large improvement in image quality can be obtained when radiographs are filtered using adequate statistical models. In particular, it shows that impulsive noise, which appears as random patterns of light and dark pixels on raw radiographs, can be efficiently removed. A switching median filter is used to this aim: failed pixels are identified first and then corrected through local median filtering. The critical stage is the correct identification of the failed pixels. We show here that a great improvement can be obtained considering an adequate sensor model and a principled noise model, constituted of a mixture of photon counting and impulsive noise with uniform distribution. It is then shown that contrast in cephalometric images can be largely increased using different grey levels stretching for bone and soft tissues. The two tissues are identified through an adequate mixture derived from histogram analysis, composed of two Gaussians and one inverted log-normal. Results show that both soft and bony tissues are clearly visible in the same image under wide range of conditions. Both filters work in quasi-real time for images larger than five Mega-pixels.
Chapter VII: 3D Reconstructions from Few Projections in Oral Radiology Established techniques for three-dimensional radiographic reconstruction such as computed tomography (CT) or, more recently cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) require an extensive set of measurements/projections from all around an object under study. The x-ray dose for the patient is rather high. Cutting down the number of projections drastically yields a mathematically challenging reconstruction problem. Few-view 3D reconstruction techniques commonly known as “tomosynthetic reconstructions” have gained increasing interest with recent advances in detector and information technology.
Section III: Software Support in Tissue Regeneration Proceeders in Dentistry
Chapter VIII: Advances and Trends in Tissue Engineering of Teeth Tooth loss due to several reasons affects most people adversely at some time in their lives. A biological tooth substitute, which could not only replace lost teeth but also restore their function, could be achieved by tissue engineering. Scaffolds required for this purpose, can be produced by the use of various techniques. Cells, which are to be seeded onto these scaffolds, can range from differentiated ones to stem cells both of dental and non-dental origin. This chapter deals with overcoming the drawbacks of the currently available tooth replacement techniques by tissue engineering, the success achieved in it at this stage and suggestion on the focus for future research.
Chapter IX: Automated Bacterial Colony Counting for Clonogenic Assay Bacterial colony enumeration is an essential tool for many widely used biomedical assays. This chapter introduces a cost-effective and fully automatic bacterial colony counter which accepts digital images as its input. The proposed counter can handle variously shaped dishes/plates, recognize chromatic and achromatic images, and process both color and clear medium. In particular, the counter can detect dish/plate regions, identify colonies, separate aggregated colonies, and finally report consistent and accurate counting result. The authors hope that understanding the complicated and labor-intensive nature of colony counting will assist researchers in a better understanding of the problems posed and the need to automate this process from a software point of view, without relying too much on specific hardware.
Section IV: Software Support in Dental Implatology
Chapter X: A New System in Guided Surgery: The Flatguide™ System In this chapter the author describes a new system for guided surgery in implantology. The aim of this system is to have a “user friendly” computerized instrument for the oral surgeon during implant planning and to have the dental lab included in the decisional process. This system gives him the possibility to reproduce the exact position of the implants on a stone model; the dental technician can create surgical guides and provisional prosthesis for a possible immediate loading of the implants. Another objective of this system is to reduce the economic cost of surgical masks; in such a way it can be applied as a routine by the surgeon.
Chapter XI: Visualization and Modelling in Dental Implantology Intraoperative transfer of the implant and prosthesis planning in dentistry is facilitated by drilling templates or active, image-guided navigation. Minimum invasion concept of surgical interaction means high clinical precision with immediate load of prosthesis. The need for high-quality, realistic visualization of anatomical environment is obvious. Moreover, new elements of functional modelling appear to gain ground. Accordingly, future trend in computerized dentistry predicts less use of CT (computer tomography) or DVT (digital volume tomography) imaging and more use of 3D visualization of anatomy (laser scanning of topography and various surface reconstruction techniques). Direct visualization of anatomy during surgery revives wider use of active navigation. This article summarizes latest results on developing software tools for improving imaging and graphical modelling techniques in computerized dental implantology.
Chapter XII: Finite Element Analysis and its Application in Dental Implant Research Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis. It uses a numerical technique called the finite element method (FEM). There are many finite element software packages, both free and proprietary.
The main concern with the application of FEA in implant research is to which extent a mathematical model can represent a biological system. Published studies show a notable trend towards optimization of mathematical models. Improved software and a dramatic increase in easily available computational power have assisted in this trend.
This chapter will cover published FEA literature on dental implant research in the material properties, simulation of bone properties and anatomy, mechanical behavior of dental implant components, implant dimensions and shape, design and properties of prosthetic reconstructions, implant placement configurations, discussion on the limitations of FEA in the study of biological systems - recommendations for further research
Section V: Software Support in Clinical Dental Management and Education
Chapter XIII: Electronic Oral Health Records in Practice and Research This chapter will present a systematic review about EDRs, describe the current status of availability of EDR systems, implementation and usage and establish a research agenda for EDR to pave the way for their rapid deployment. This chapter will also describe the need for defining required criteria to establish research and routine clinical EDR and how their differences may impact utilization of distributed research opportunities as by establishing practice based research networks. This chapter will draw the scenario of how a fully integrated EDR system would work and discuss the requirements for computer resources, connectivity issues, data security, legal framework within which a fully integrated EDR may be accessed for real time data retrieval in service of good patient care practices.
Chapter XIV: Haptic-Based Virtual Reality Dental Simulator as an Educational Tool This chapter describes the haptic dental simulator developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago. It explores its use and advantages as an educational tool in dentistry and examines the structure of the simulator, its hardware and software components, the simulator’s functionality, reality assessment, and the users’ experiences with this technology. The authors hope that the dental haptic simulation program should provide significant benefits over traditional dental training techniques. It should facilitate students’ development of necessary tactile skills, provide unlimited practice time and require less student/instructor interaction while helping students learn basic clinical skills more quickly and effectively.
Chapter XV: Digital Library for Dental Biomaterials The digital library will be readily available as an online service for medical devices manufacturers, medical and dentistry practitioners, material professionals, regulatory bodies, scientific community, and other interested parties through single- and multi-user licensing. If it provides useful and requested by the market, CD editions would be derived from the main digital library. Special opportunities will be offered to universities and scientific community. They can enter into collaboration by contributing to the Dental Digital Library knowledge ****. In return, access would be granted for educational and research purposes, thus stimulating knowledge and information exchange. In the future, similar benefits may be mutually exchanged with regulatory bodies and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs).
Chapter XVI: Rapid Prototyping and Dental Applications The present chapter deals with the introduction and implementation of rapid prototyping technologies in medical and dental field. Its purpose is to overview the advantages and limitations derived, to discuss the current status and to present the future directions, especially in dental sector. Furthermore, a flow-chart is outlined describing the procedure from the patient to the final 3-D object, presenting the possibles alternatives in the process. Finally, an example is presented, decribing the process of the construction of high accurate surgical guided templates in dental implantology, through rapid prototyping.
Chapter XVII: Unicode Characters for Human Dentition: New Foundation For Standardized Data Exchange and Notation in Countries Employing Double-Byte Character Sets In this chapter, we report the minimal set of characters from the Unicode Standard that is sufficient for the notation of human dentition in Zsigmondy-Palmer style. For domestic reasons, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry expanded and revised the Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) character code set in 2004 (JIS X 0213). More than 11,000 characters that seemed to be necessary for denoting and exchanging information about personal names and toponyms were added to this revision, which also contained the characters needed for denoting human dentition (dental notation). The Unicode Standard has been adopted for these characters as part of the double-byte character standard, which enabled, mainly in eastern Asian countries, the retrieval of human dentition directly on paper or displays of computers running Unicode-compliant OS. These countries have been using the Zsigmondy-Palmer style of denoting dental records on paper forms for a long time. We describe the background and the application of the characters for human dentition to the exchange, storage and reuse of the history of dental diseases via e-mail and other means of electronic communication.
Chapter XVIII: Virtual Dental Patient: A 3D Oral Cavity Model and Its Use in Haptics-Based Virtual Reality Cavity Preparation in Endodontics The availability of datasets comprising of digitized images of human body cross Sections (as well as images acquired with other modalities such as CT and MRI) along with the recent advances in fields like graphics, 3D visualization, virtual reality, 2D and 3D image processing and analysis (segmentation, registration, filtering, etc.) have given rise to a broad range of educational, diagnostic and treatment planning applications, such as virtual anatomy and digital atlases, virtual endoscopy, intervention planning etc. This chapter describes efforts towards the creation of the Virtual Dental Patient (VDP) i.e. a 3D face and oral cavity model constructed using human anatomical data that is accompanied by detailed teeth models obtained from digitized cross Sections of extracted teeth. VDP can be animated and adapted to the characteristics of a specific patient. Numerous dentistry-related applications can be envisioned for the created VDP model. Here the authors focus on its use in a virtual tooth drilling system whose aim is to aid dentists, dental students and researchers in getting acquainted with the handling of drilling instruments and the skills and challenges associated with cavity preparation procedures in endodontic therapy. Virtual drilling can be performed within the VDP oral cavity, on 3D volumetric and surface models (meshes) of virtual teeth. The drilling procedure is controlled by the Phantom Desktop (Sensable Technologies Inc., Woburn, MA) force feedback haptic device. The application is a very promising educational and research tool that allows the user to practice in a realistic manner virtual tooth drilling for endodontic treatment cavity preparation and other related tasks.




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